{"id":235204,"date":"2025-07-18T09:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T07:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/?p=235204"},"modified":"2025-07-18T15:52:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T13:52:20","slug":"echoes-of-the-pacific-the-living-legacy-of-the-marimba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/echoes-of-the-pacific-the-living-legacy-of-the-marimba\/","title":{"rendered":"To the rhythm of the marimba: a journey to the heart of the Pacific"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Just strike the first note on a chonta wood key and a whole legacy comes to life. On the Pacific coast of <a href=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/p\/colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Colombia <\/strong><\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/p\/ecuador\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ecuador<\/strong><\/a>, the marimba is much more than an instrument: it has been a collective voice, a cultural institution, and a tool for community resistance. <\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Roots Resonating in Wood and Cane<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"999\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Portada_MArimba_Ministerio-Cultura-y-Patrimonio-Ecuador-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-235186\" style=\"width:281px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Portada_MArimba_Ministerio-Cultura-y-Patrimonio-Ecuador-1.jpg 999w, https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Portada_MArimba_Ministerio-Cultura-y-Patrimonio-Ecuador-1-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Portada_MArimba_Ministerio-Cultura-y-Patrimonio-Ecuador-1-768x509.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Roots Resonating in Wood and Cane The marimba traces its roots to <strong>West<\/strong>, <strong>Central<\/strong>, and <em>East Africa,<\/em> where <em>Bantu and Mandinka<\/em> peoples built xylophones from gourds and wood to accompany rituals and celebrations.<\/p>\n\n<p>Adding to this tangible origin is a legend: the tale of Queen Marimba, a mythical figure from East Africa credited with inventing the marimba, kalimba, and other sacred percussion instruments.<br\/>TThrough the Atlantic slave trade, this musical knowledge journeyed across the ocean. Along the southern Pacific coast of Colombia and in Ecuador&#8217;s Esmeraldas province, Afro-descendant communities recreated these instruments using local materials like chonta palm wood and guadua cane. <\/p>\n\n<p><br\/>This heritage continues to link the two nations. On December 2, 2015, UNESCO inscribed &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/marimba-music-traditional-chants-and-dances-from-the-colombia-south-pacific-region-and-esmeraldas-province-of-ecuador-01099?RL=01099\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">marimba music, traditional chants and dances of the southern Pacific region of Colombia and Esmeraldas, Ecuador<\/mark><\/a>&#8221; on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. A recognition that affirms this tradition as a living memory, a form of resistance, and a shared Afro-descendant identity that transcends its sonic beauty.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Community sounds: instruments and rituals<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>To speak of the marimba in the Pacific is to evoke not just a xylophone, but a soundscape shaped by generations of hands, knowledge, and rhythm. Always accompanied by drums like the <em>cununo <\/em>and <em>bombo<\/em>, and the <em>guas\u00e1<\/em>\u2014a cane shaker filled with seeds\u2014the marimba creates a rich acoustic environment that supports songs, dances, and rituals. <\/p>\n\n<p>These rhythms mark both everyday moments and important events in community life. The songs of <strong>boga<\/strong>, for example, are linked to river labor, reflect the rhythm of paddling and a deep spiritual connection with water. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Arrullo <\/strong>is used to honor saints or ask for protection, meanwhile <strong>currulao <\/strong>invites dancing and courtship at parties that can last all night and is the flagship dance of the southern Pacific.   Le <strong>chigualo<\/strong> est entendu lors des veill\u00e9es fun\u00e8bres d\u2019enfants, m\u00ealant deuil, chant et espoir, tandis que <strong>l\u2019alabao<\/strong> offre un dernier adieu aux d\u00e9funts adultes \u00e0 travers des pri\u00e8res chant\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Chigualo\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/track\/4mHVOFEwfeI8ka8dseSbfV?si=1654f8ac01c444f6&#038;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From shores to stages: beyond ritual<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>This music continues to be the soundtrack of iconic festivals:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Petronio \u00c1lvarez Festival (Cali, Colombia)<\/strong>: Held each August, this celebration is a vital gathering for showcasing the richness of Afro-Colombian culture. Traditional music, ancestral cuisine, crafts, and heritage knowledge are celebrated with pride. Named after <strong>Petronio \u00c1lvarez,<\/strong>&#8220;the king of currulao&#8221;,the festival honors a composer and singer whose work embodies the musical soul of the Pacific.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p><strong><em>Our article: <a href=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/cali-a-dance-with-colombian-history-and-culture\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/cali-a-dance-with-colombian-history-and-culture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cali: A Dance with Colombian History and Culture<\/a> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"instagram-media\" data-instgrm-captioned data-instgrm-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DKZ_1plNaGB\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\" style=\" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);\">\n<div style=\"padding:16px;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DKZ_1plNaGB\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;\" target=\"_blank\"> <\/p>\n<div style=\" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\">\n<div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\">\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;\"><svg width=\"50px\" height=\"50px\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\"><g stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><g transform=\"translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)\" fill=\"#000000\"><g><path d=\"M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-top: 8px;\">\n<div style=\" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\">Ver esta publicaci\u00f3n en Instagram<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\">\n<div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 8px;\">\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-left: auto;\">\n<div style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\">\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DKZ_1plNaGB\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;\" target=\"_blank\">Una publicaci\u00f3n compartida por Festival Petronio \u00c1lvarez (@petronioco)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/www.instagram.com\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Marimba Festival (Quinind\u00e9, Ecuador)<\/strong>: This festival is one of the most iconic cultural events in Esmeraldas. Since its inception in 1997, it has brought together local and national groups in a festive and welcoming atmosphere. Music, traditional dances, competitions and artistic performances fill the streets as part of a community celebration that proudly affirms and passes on its Afro-descendant heritage, one voice and one hand at a time.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div style=\"height:38px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<p>The rich history of the marimba is at the heart of the documentary <em>El viaje de la marimba: Destino, identidad y libertad<\/em> (The Journey of the Marimba: Destiny, Identity and Freedom), which weaves a sensitive tapestry between Africa, America&#8230; and the world. Through the eyes of artists from diverse backgrounds, the film traces the cultural journey of this instrument, which has become a symbol of resistance and identity. Testimonials, archives and soundscapes combine to create a powerful narrative that pays tribute to the deep roots of the marimba.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"El Viaje de la Marimba-Documental\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FoNr59XWp10?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New fusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Far from being frozen in time, the marimba continues to evolve. Contemporary artists are reimagining it by blending it with genres like jazz, reggae, or electronic music. Projects like <strong>Rio Mira<\/strong>\u2014a collaboration between musicians from Esmeraldas and Tumaco\u2014combine traditional marimba with modern sounds, opening new pathways for this heritage and introducing it to new audiences.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Rio Mira - Marimba del Pacifico EPK (English version)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SYHZRyNmSXU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p>From ritual river chants to electronic remixes, from funerary laments to festival stages, the marimba has never stood still. Its voice\u2014shaped by migrations, memory, and invention\u2014continues to speak not only of where a people comes from, but of where they are going. In the hands of new generations, this wooden-key legacy is not simply preserved: it is reimagined, contested, and carried forward. Just one note still has the power to summon a community\u2019s soul.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:94px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>Photos:<\/em> <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Knight Foundation<\/mark> | Ministerio Cultura y Patrimonio Ecuador <\/em> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From Colombia to Ecuador, the marimba tells stories, unites communities, and echoes the living heritage of the Afro-Pacific tradition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":235184,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8198,1],"tags":[22977,22990,22986,22973,22974,22996,22975,22976,22988,22978,22982,22989,22985,22994,22979,22987,22991,22981,22972,22993,22995,22980,22984,22983,19660,22992],"class_list":["post-235204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture-eng","category-non-classifiee","tag-african-oral-traditions","tag-afro-identity","tag-afro-colombian-dances","tag-afro-colombian-music-en","tag-afro-pacific-culture","tag-ancestral-traditions-en","tag-arrullo-en","tag-boga-songs","tag-bombo-en","tag-chonta-wood","tag-colombian-marimba","tag-cununo-drum","tag-festival-petronio-alvarez-en","tag-guasa-en","tag-living-musical-heritage","tag-marimba-and-cultural-resistance","tag-marimba-and-reggae-en","tag-marimba-ecuador-en","tag-marimba-electronic","tag-music-of-black-communities","tag-musical-fusion-en","tag-queen-marimba","tag-ritual-marimba","tag-ritual-music","tag-traditional-rhythms-en","tag-unesco-intangible-heritage"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=235204"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235204\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":235347,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235204\/revisions\/235347"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/235184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=235204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visit-latin-america.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=235204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}